Cleopatra Read online

Jewish community 124, 149, 212, 214

  Library 6, 11, 38, 52, 122, 148

  Nemesion 8

  Pharos lighthouse 5–6, 229, 231

  Serapion 8

  Strabo’s account of 4–8

  Timonium 7–8, 199

  tomb of Alexander 6–7, 40

  Amun 23, 24, 32

  Amun-Ra 23

  Amyot, Jacques 215

  Anatolia 131

  Antigonus I Monophthalmus 31

  Antioch 182, 185

  Antiochus III the Great 40, 41

  Antiochus IV 42

  Antiochus IX 45

  Antiochus VIII Grypus 44, 45

  Antipatros (father of Herod of Judaea) 123

  Antipatros (regent of Alexander’s empire) 31

  Antonia (warship) 6, 198, 199

  Antonius, Caius 160, 161

  Antonius, Marcus see Mark Antony

  Antonius Antyllus, Marcus 177, 188, 189, 200, 202, 207

  Antonius Creticus, Marcus 158, 159, 160

  Antony and Cleopatra (Cibber) 220

  Antony and Cleopatra (film) 136

  Antony and Cleopatra (Shakespeare) 67, 215, 216–19

  Anubis 126

  Aphrodite 12, 25, 172

  Apis bull 10, 19, 22, 107, 181

  Apollodorus 118, 129

  Appian 163, 211

  Appian Way 71, 72, 136

  archaeological finds 229–30

  Archelaos 56, 97

  Ariobarzanes of Cappadocia 111

  Aristotle 51

  Armenia 185, 186, 187, 193

  Arminius 75

  Arrian 31

  Arruntius, Lucius 197

  Arsinoe II 24, 36, 37, 38, 39

  Arsinoe III 39, 40

  Arsinoe IV 51, 121, 122, 123, 134, 150–1, 174, 175, 231–2

  Artavasdes of Armenia 185, 186

  Artemis 20, 51, 66

  arts, Cleopatra’s portrayal in the 213–27

  Asclepius 21

  Athens 55, 80, 192

  augurs 165, 179

  Augustus, Emperor see Octavian

  Auletes see Ptolemy XII Auletes

  Babylon Fossatum 9

  Bacchus 9, 66

  banking 16

  banquets 125, 173, 188–9

  Banton, Travis 225

  Bara, Theda 223

  barge, Cleopatra’s 106–7, 172, 219

  Bastet 20

  battle formations, Roman 76–7

  Beerbohm Tree, Herbert 220

  Berenice II 39

  Berenice III 46

  Berenice IV 47, 51, 54, 56, 57, 96, 97

  Berkeley, Busby 224

  Bernhardt, Sarah 220

  Bes 49, 126

  Bibulus, Marcus Calpurnius 95

  birthing-houses 49, 50, 147–8

  bitumen trade 183, 193

  black Cleopatra 41, 48, 227, 232–3

  Bogud of Mauretania 195

  Boudicca 37, 196

  Britons 37, 76

  Brundisium 111, 166, 178

  Brutus, Decimus 169

  Brutus, Lucius Junius 65

  Brutus, Marcus Junius 141, 151, 153, 156, 157, 167

  Buchis bull 103–4, 106

  bull cult 10, 19, 22–3, 103–4, 106, 107, 126, 181

  bureaucracy, Egyptian 16–17, 37

  Burton, Richard 225, 226

  Caesar and Cleopatra (film) 224–5

  Caesar and Cleopatra (Shaw) 220–1

  Caesar, Julius 8, 17, 54, 64, 89–95, 109–16, 130, 131–2

  alleged homosexuality 77, 90–1

  assassination of 78, 141–2, 145

  crosses the Rubicon 110, 112, 166

  dictator of Rome 133, 139, 140

  and Egyptian civil war 116, 117–18, 121–3

  family background 89–90

  first triumvirate 85, 94–5

  Gallic wars 97, 98, 108

  Great Caesarium, Alexandria 7, 148

  invasion of Britain 77

  meets Cleopatra 118–21

  military career 90, 94–5

  Nile progress with Cleopatra 128

  offered kingship 133, 140

  political offices 91–2, 93

  Pontifex Maximus 92, 133

  relationship with Cleopatra 121, 123–8, 134–9, 146–7

  and Roman civil wars 109–14, 131–2, 166, 168

  will 139–40

  Caesarion 128, 129–30, 135, 140, 147, 150, 153, 174, 182, 184, 187, 191, 199–200, 202, 212–13

  Cagnacci, Guido 219

  calendar

  Egyptian 38

  Julian 139

  Caligula, Emperor 208

  Callimachos 109, 127

  Calpurnia (wife of Julius Caesar) 120, 141, 145

  Cameron, James 227

  Camillus, Marcus 71

  Cannae, battle of 73

  Canopus 229

  Cappadocia, Cappadocians 111, 193

  Capua 62–3

  Caratacus 137

  carpet legend 117, 118, 120

  Carrhae, battle of 99

  Carry on Cleo (film) 118, 242

  Carthage 72, 74

  Casca, Publius 141

  Cassius Dio, Lucius 138, 156, 197, 198, 203, 211, 230

  Cassius Longinus, Gaius 141, 151, 153–4, 157, 165, 166

  Catalina, Lucius Sergius 92–3

  Cataline conspiracy 92–3, 161

  Catherine the Great of Russia 234

  Cato, Gaius Porcius 85

  Cato, Marcus Porcius (the Elder) 74

  Cato, Marcus Porcius (the Younger) 55, 94, 96, 100, 108, 132

  Catulus, Quintus Lutatius 79, 92

  Caudine Forks, battle of the 70

  cavalry

  Parthian 99, 185

  Roman 77

  Ceausescu, Nicolai 239

  census 139

  Charmion 106, 201, 203, 204

  Chaucer, Geoffrey 213–14

  childbirth, Egyptian 50–1, 129

  Christianity 25

  Christina of Sweden 234

  Cibber, Colley 220

  Cicero, Marcus Tullius 61, 67, 90, 93, 98, 101, 108, 131, 138, 146, 147, 155, 156, 158, 159, 167, 168, 169

  Cilicia, Cilicians 159, 168, 183, 187

  Cilician Gates, battle of the 182

  Cimber, Tillius 141

  Cinna, Lucius Cornelius 80

  Cisalpine Gauls 71

  civil service, Egyptian 16, 37

  Claudius, Emperor 208

  Claudius Caecus, Appius 72

  Claudius Pulcher, Appius 100

  Cleomenes 31, 39–40

  Cleopatra I 41, 42

  Cleopatra II 42, 43, 44

  Cleopatra III 44, 45

  Cleopatra IV 45

  Cleopatra V Tryphaena 44, 45, 47, 51, 54, 56, 96, 97

  Cleopatra VII

  attire 105–6

  birth and early life 48–54

  black Cleopatra thesis 41, 48, 227, 232–3

  children see Alexander

  Helios; Caesarion;

  Cleopatra Selene;

  Ptolemy Philadelphus

  co-rulership 57, 98, 102, 120, 124, 150, 184, 187

  education 52–3

  and Egyptian civil war 109–10, 114, 116, 117–18, 121–3

  family background see Ptolemies

  fatale monstrum portrayal 12, 211, 228–9

  in art, film and literature 213–27

  Isis identification 12, 24–5, 106, 126, 138, 147, 149, 172, 187, 208

  language skills 53–4, 109–10, 194

  legendary and historical accounts 209–12, 233–7

  and Mark Antony’s suicide 202

  marries Antony 182–3

  marries Caesar 124

  meets Caesar 118–21

  meets Mark Antony 57, 163, 171–3

  meets Octavian 202–3

  mixed heritage 34

  physical appearance 120, 233

  relationship with Caesar 121, 123–8, 134–9, 146–7

  relationship with Mark Antony 171–7, 184, 185–7, 188
–9

  sexuality 119, 120, 173–4

  snake legend 204, 210, 219

  suicide 203–4

  temple-building 147–8

  tomb 7, 229–31

  visits Rome 55–6, 96–7, 134–9, 149–50

  wealth 16, 174, 184, 200, 203

  Cleopatra Selene 44, 45, 181, 187, 209, 212

  Cleopatra (film: DeMille) 222, 223–4

  Cleopatra (film: Mankiewicz) 225–6

  Cleopatre (Massenet) 221

  Clodius Pulcher, Publius 93, 100–1, 161–2, 164

  coinage 16, 33, 110, 130, 149, 183, 187, 208

  Colbert, Claudette 223

  Collier, Constance 220

  Commagenians 111

  consuls 66, 68, 70, 74–5, 81, 82, 169, 191

  contraception 148

  Cornelia (wife of Pompey the Great) 99–100, 114, 115

  Corsica 179

  cosmetics 172

  courtesans 161, 166–7

  Crassus, Marcus Licinius 54, 68–9, 70–1, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 92, 94–5, 99, 137, 163, 174, 185

  Crassus, Publius Canidius 189, 193, 196

  Crete 159, 183, 187

  Crocodilopolis 10

  Curio, Gaius Scribonius 112, 160, 166

  Cybiosictes 56

  Cyprus 121, 151, 172, 183

  Cyrenia 23, 43, 44, 183, 187

  Dante 214

  Deiotarus 111

  deities

  Egyptian 12, 19–20, 21, 22–5, 38–9, 49, 103–4, 126

  Greek 20, 21, 24–5, 31, 51

  Roman 19, 20, 66

  Dellius, Quintus 157, 170, 171, 194, 209

  DeMille, Cecil B. 222, 223–4

  Dendera 11, 24, 127, 147, 181

  Dido of Carthage 210

  Didymus 148

  Diodorus Siculus 12

  Dionysus 37, 66, 99, 139, 172, 180, 187

  Neos Dionysus 8–9, 40, 47, 106, 172

  Divine Comedy (Dante) 214

  Dolabella, Gnaeus Cornelius 91

  Dolabella, Publius Cornelius 152, 153, 168

  Donations of Alexandria 186–7, 207

  Dyrrachium 113

  eagle emblem 33, 46, 77

  economy, Egyptian 16, 37–8, 149

  Edfu 147

  education 17, 52–3

  Egypt

  administration 16

  civil war 109–10, 114, 116, 117–18, 121–3

  Egypt–Rome relationship, start of 38

  Greek culture 13, 15, 16, 31–2

  Lower Egypt 12, 20

  Persian rule 31

  population 12

  Roman rule 208

  social structure 13–17

  Upper Egypt 12, 130

  way of life 11, 12, 14–15

  see also Alexandria

  ‘Egyptians’ in Elizabethan age 215–16

  elephants 40, 73, 132, 240

  Elizabeth I of England 234

  Elliott, Gertrude 220

  embalming 25, 102, 183, 203

  Ephesus 56, 151, 175, 231, 232

  Etruscans 63, 71

  eunuchs 14

  Fabius Maximus, Quintus 73

  Fadia (wife of Mark Antony) 161, 166

  films 136, 222–7

  Forbes-Robertson, Johnston 220

  Forum Gallorum, battle of 169

  Franzero, Carlo Maria 225

  Fulvia 156, 169, 177, 178, 179

  Gabinius, Aulus 56, 57, 97, 98, 162, 163

  Galatians 111

  Gallic wars 97, 98, 108

  Gallius, Quintus Fabius 161

  Gallus, Gaius Cornelius 8, 9, 201, 202, 208

  games, Roman 66, 79, 92, 100, 134

  Ganymedes (tutor to Arsinoe IV) 123

  Gaugamala, battle of 240

  Geb 24

  Gilead balm 183

  Gindarus, battle of 182

  Goddio, Franck 229

  Graceo-Egyptian cults 8, 22, 24, 25, 30, 41

  Granger, Stewart 224

  Granicus, battle of 240

  Greek culture 13, 15, 16, 31–2, 62

  Greek deities 20, 21, 24–5, 31, 51

  Hamilcar Barca 72, 75

  handwriting, Cleopatra’s 189

  Hannibal 66, 73, 74, 75, 110

  Harrison, Rex 226

  Hathor 24, 49, 50

  Hatshepsut 105

  Hawass, Zahi 229

  Heliopolis 20, 126

  Helvetii 97

  Heraclion 229

  Herod of Judaea 182, 183–4, 193

  Herodotus 9, 15–16, 20, 21, 39, 52, 104

  Herwennefer of Thebes 40, 41

  Hippocrates 50

  Homer 19, 52, 62

  homosexuality 77, 90–1

  Horace (Quintus Horatius Flaccus) 209–10

  Hortensius, Quintus 55

  Horus 23, 25, 126, 130, 147

  Ides of March 140–1, 169

  Imhotep 21

  incestuous relationships 9, 23, 36, 120

  infant mortality 51, 130

  Inimitable Livers 176, 180, 200

  Iras 201, 203, 204

  Isis 12, 20, 24–5, 50, 106, 126, 138, 147, 148, 149, 172, 187, 208, 213

  Islam 24, 213

  Issus, battle of 240

  Iturea 183

  Iunu 20, 126

  Jameson, Anna Brownell 233–6

  Jerusalem 183

  Jews of Alexandria 124, 149, 212, 214

  Jolie, Angelina 227

  Jonson, Ben 216

  Josephus, Titus Flavius 149, 150, 184, 211–12

  Juba of Mauretania 212

  Juba of Numidia 112, 132, 166

  Judaea 84, 153, 162, 183

  Jugurtha of Numidia 79

  Julian calendar 139

  Julius Caesar (Shakespeare) 217

  Jupiter 20, 66

  Karnak 11

  Khmun 126

  Kuznetsova, Maria 221

  Labienus, Titus 113

  Laenas, Caius Popillius 42

  Langtry, Lillie 220

  languages 53–4

  Lebanon 183

  Legend of Good Women (Chaucer) 213–14

  legions 76–7, 185

  Leiber, Fritz 223

  Leigh, Vivien 225

  Leighton, Frederick 219–20

  Lenin, Vladimir Ilich 240

  Lentulus Sura, Publius Cornelius 159, 160, 161

  Lepidus, Marcus 112, 151, 155, 156, 166, 170, 177, 178

  Leuce Come 185

  Library of Alexandria 6, 11, 38, 52, 122, 148

  Livy (Titus Livius) 63, 65, 70

  Lower Egypt 12, 20

  Lucretia 65

  Lucullus, Lucius 84, 85

  Luxor 11

  Lysimachos of Thrace 31, 36

  Maatranefer 21

  Maccabeus, Simon 214

  McDowall, Roddy 226

  Macedonia, Macedonians 16, 42

  Mankiewicz, Joseph L. 225

  Marcellus, Gaius Claudius 108–9

  Marcellus, Marcus Claudius 73

  Maria Theresa, Empress of Austria 234

  Marius, Gaius 75, 79, 80, 82, 90, 159

  Marius–Sulla civil war 79–80, 90, 158–9

  Mark Antony 4, 8, 17, 97, 109, 130–1, 133, 140, 153, 154, 155–6, 158–70

  appearance 161

  at war with Octavian 191–201

  augur 165, 166

  birth and early life 158–60

  and Caesar’s assassination 141, 145, 146

  and civil wars 152, 153–7, 166, 167–8, 169–70, 191–201

  consulship 169, 193

  drunkenness 131, 166, 172, 189

  marries Cleopatra 190

  Master of the Horse 168, 169

  meets Cleopatra 57, 163, 171–3

  military appointments 162, 163–4, 167

  Neos Dionysus 172, 180, 187

  offers kingship to Caesar 133, 140

  Parthian campaign 174, 177, 180, 182, 184–6

  relationship with Caesar 163–4, 165, 167

  relationship with Cleopatra 171–7, 180
–3, 184, 185–7, 188–9

  relationship with Octavian 155, 178–9, 186, 189–91

  Roman marriages 161, 166–7, 169

  second triumvirate 151, 155–6, 164, 169, 170, 177–9

  suicide 202

  tomb 7

  Tribune of the Plebs 165, 166

  will 191

  marriage celebrations

  Cleopatra and Antony 182–3

  Cleopatra and Caesar 124

  Masque of the Gypsies Metamorphosed (Jonson) 216

  Massenet, Jules 221

  Mauretania 193, 212

  Media 185, 187

  Méliès, Georges 222

  Memphis 12, 21–2, 31, 33, 41, 107, 126

  Mendes 39

  Menelaus of Sparta 19

  Metellus, Lucius Caecilius 112

  Metellus Nepos, Quintus Caecilius 93

  Metellus Pius, Quintus Caecilius 80, 81, 82, 84

  Metellus Scipio, Quintus Caecilius 99, 109, 132

  Methone 195

  Michelangelo Buonarotti 214–15

  Milo, Titus Annius 100–1, 164

  Minucius Thermus, Marcus 90

  Misenum, Peace of 179

  Mithridates VI of Pontus 56, 80, 84

  Mnevis bull 126

  Molon, Apollonius 91

  Montu 50, 104

  Mount Amanus, battle of 182

  mummification 20, 21, 22, 42, 232

  Museion, Alexandria 6, 11, 38, 52, 122, 148

  music 127

  Nabatean Arabs 193

  naval battles 196–7

  Nectanebo 32, 33

  Nero, Emperor 208

  Nicholas II, Tsar 104–5

  Nicolas of Damascus 209

  Nicomedes of Bithynia 90, 91, 119

  Nile 5, 13, 15, 106, 130, 148

  Cleopatra and Caesar’s journey down 124–8

  North, Thomas 215

  Numa Pompilius 64

  Numidia 132

  obelisks 15

  obstetrics, Egyptian 49–51, 53, 148

  Octavia (wife of Mark Antony) 179, 180, 181, 186, 192, 207

  Octavian 3, 10, 19, 64, 138, 140, 154, 179, 181, 186, 208–9

  at war with Cleopatra and Antony 191–201

  and civil wars 153–4, 155, 156, 157, 169–70, 177, 178, 191–201

  public building works 190–1

  relationship with Mark Antony 155, 178–9, 186, 189–91, 200

  second triumvirate 151, 155–6, 164, 169, 170, 177–9

  takes the name Augustus 3–4, 139, 212

  visits Alexander’s tomb 7

  Oenanthe 41

  Olympus (physician to Cleopatra) 202, 204, 211

  orations 179

  Osiris 20, 25, 38, 103–4, 147, 172

  Ostia 139

  Pacorus of Parthia 177

  Parallel Lives (Plutarch) 211, 215, 233–4

  Parthia, Parthians 79, 95, 99, 140, 174, 177, 180, 182, 184–5, 187

  Pasherentptah III 13, 182

  Paullus, Lucius Aemilius 73

  Pausanius 45

  pearl dissolved in vinegar 188

  Pelusium 57, 123, 162–3, 201

  Per-Baster 19–20

  Perdiccas 30, 31, 32, 33

  Persians 20, 22, 30, 31, 240

  Perusia 178

  Petronius 108

  Petubastis 13, 182

  pharaoh, office of 13, 21

  pharaonic regalia 24, 106, 126