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  Pharnaces of Pontus 131

  Pharos lighthouse 5–6, 229, 231

  Pharsalus, battle of 113–14, 152, 168

  Philip Arrhidaios 30–1

  Philippi, battles of 157, 170

  Philo of Alexandria 7

  Philostratus 52

  Phoenicia 183, 187

  piracy 54, 84, 91, 96

  plague 149, 153

  Plancus, Lucius Munatius 188–9, 194, 209, 212

  Plato 21, 51

  Plutarch 25, 54, 64, 106, 108, 115, 120, 162, 164, 171, 173, 184, 193, 203, 211, 215, 230, 233–4

  Poliorcetes, Demetrios 211

  Polybius 41

  polygamy 39

  Pompey, Gnaeus 84, 131, 132

  Pompey, Sextus 128, 131, 132, 178, 179, 186, 194

  Pompey the Great (Gaius Pompeius Magnus) 33, 55–7, 64, 80, 83–5, 93, 97, 99–100, 101, 108, 113–15, 124, 164, 165

  and civil war 109–12, 113–14, 131

  first triumvirate 54, 85, 94–5

  murder of 8, 115, 116

  Pontifex Maximus 67, 82, 92, 133

  Potheinos 107, 109, 116, 117, 121, 122, 150

  Praenoste 10–11

  priests

  Egyptian 13, 21, 22, 23, 32, 37, 43, 107–8, 127

  Roman 165

  Proculeius, Caius 202

  professionalization of the soldier 77

  Propertius, Sextus 210

  Ptah 21, 22, 38, 126

  Ptolemaia festival 37

  Ptolemies 5, 10, 12, 13, 24, 33–4, 35–47, 48–9, 53

  co-rulership 36, 39, 42, 43, 56, 57, 98, 102, 120, 124, 150, 184, 187

  incestuous relationships 9, 23, 36, 120

  internecine murders 35–6, 39, 43, 44, 46, 57, 97, 175

  Ptolemy I Soter 4, 5, 6, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 53

  Ptolemy II 36, 37, 39, 77

  Ptolemy III 38, 39, 41

  Ptolemy IV Philopator 39–40

  Ptolemy V Epiphanes 38, 40, 41–2

  Ptolemy VI Philomater 42, 43

  Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator 35, 43

  Ptolemy VIII Physcon 35, 43–4, 53

  Ptolemy IX Soter Lathyrus 44, 45, 46

  Ptolemy X Alexander 44, 45–6

  Ptolemy XI Alexander II 46

  Ptolemy XII Auletes 46–7, 48, 51, 54, 55, 56, 57, 82, 85, 95–8, 101–2, 107, 120, 127

  death of 101–2

  Neo Dionysus 8–9, 47

  visits Rome 55–6, 96–7

  will 102

  Ptolemy XIII 6, 102, 105, 107, 109, 114–15, 117–18, 121, 123, 150, 151, 174, 175

  Ptolemy XIV 121, 124, 129, 130, 135, 146, 149–50

  Ptolemy XV Caesar see Caesarion

  Ptolemy Apion 44, 46

  Ptolemy Memphites 43, 44

  Ptolemy Philadelphus 184, 187, 209

  Punic Wars 72–4

  pyramids 10, 15

  Ra 20, 23, 25, 28, 104

  Rabirius Postumus, Gaius 95–6, 98

  Rains, Claude 224

  Rakhotis 4

  Regulus, Marcus Atilius 72

  religion

  Egyptian 18–25, 37

  Graceo-Egyptian cults 8, 22, 24, 25, 30, 41

  Roman 66

  see also bull cult; deities

  Renaissance 214–15

  rhetoric 53, 91, 159

  Rhodes 33, 55, 96

  Rhodon (tutor to Caesarion) 213

  Robson, Flora 224–5

  Roman army 69, 71, 75–7

  mutinies 167, 168–9

  Roman deities 19, 20, 66

  Roman roads 71–2

  Romanov dynasty 104–5, 221

  Rome

  civil wars 79–80, 90, 92–3, 109–12, 131–2, 151–7, 152, 158–9, 167–8, 169–70, 177, 178, 189, 191–201

  Egypt bequeathed to 43, 95

  Egypt–Rome relationship, start of 38

  ‘Egyptomania’ 4, 208

  first incursion into Graceo-Egyptian affairs 42, 43

  founding and early history 61–5

  kingship 63, 64–5, 81, 212

  military power 70–7

  republican government 13, 65–8, 74

  social structure 63–4

  territorial expansion 64, 74

  Romeo and Juliet (Shakespeare) 216

  Romulus and Remus 61, 62

  Rosetta Stone 38, 41

  Rubicon 109, 110, 112

  Rudin, Scott 227

  Rufus, Marcus Caelius 112–13

  Rullus, Publius Servilius 95

  Sabines 63

  Sakkara 22

  Samnites 70, 71

  Sardinia 179

  Satricia 71

  Schiff, Stacy 11, 119, 134, 136, 209, 226–7, 237

  scholarship, Egyptian 38, 53, 148

  Scipio Africanus 73–4

  Scribonia (wife of Octavian) 179

  Seleucia, Seleucids 39, 40, 41, 42, 182

  Seleucus of Babylonia 31, 36

  senate 67–8, 132–3, 160, 164, 192, 193

  Serapeum, Memphis 33

  Serapeum, Sakkara 22

  Serapion, Alexandria 8

  Serapion (governor of Cyprus) 151, 153, 175

  Serapis 22, 30

  Sertorius 82, 84

  Shakespeare, William 63, 106, 164, 171, 172, 215, 216–19

  Shaw, George Bernard 220–1, 224

  Sicily 72, 112, 178, 179

  slavery 14, 64, 68

  see also Spartacus

  snake legend 204, 210, 219

  Sobek 38, 126

  Soderbergh, Steven 227

  Sosigenes 52

  Sosius, Gaius 191

  Sparta 51

  Spartacus 40, 64, 70, 71, 82–3, 99, 153

  Strabo 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9–10, 11–12, 72

  Suetonius Tranquillis, Gaius G. 211

  Sulla, Lucius Cornelius 79–81, 82, 83, 90, 91

  Syria 39, 84, 153, 163, 175, 177, 182, 183, 187

  Taposiris Magna 230

  Tarquinius Priscus 64

  Tarquinius, Sextus 65

  Tarquinius Superbus 64–5, 78

  Tarsus 171, 172–3

  Taweret 49

  taxation

  Egyptian 14, 16, 37, 107, 149, 189

  Roman 179, 192

  Taylor, Elizabeth 225, 226

  Teutoberg Forest, massacre in the 71

  Thapsus, battle of 132, 152

  Thea (daughter of Cleopatra II) 44

  Thebes 42, 127

  Theodotus 52, 107, 116

  Thoth 126

  Thrace 193

  Tiber, River 62

  Tigranes of Armenia 84

  Timonium, Alexandria 7–8, 199

  Torone 195

  trade 8, 16, 38, 66, 72, 183

  triumphs 71, 74–5, 83, 85, 94, 133–4, 209

  triumvirate

  first 54, 85, 94–5

  second 151, 155–6, 164, 169, 170, 177–9

  Trojan War 19, 61, 62

  Tullus Hostilius 63

  Upper Egypt 12, 130

  Valerius Corvus, Marcus 71

  Varro, Gaius Terentius 73

  Varus, Publius Attius 112

  Varus, Publius Quinctilius 71

  Vegetius 75–6

  Ventidius, Publius 182

  Vercingetorix 75, 134

  Vespasian, Emperor 243

  Vestal Virgins 36, 67–8, 139, 165, 191

  Victoria, Queen 234

  Virgil (Publius Vergilius Maro) 210

  Volscians 63, 71

  Volumnia (courtesan) 131, 166–7

  Wallis, Ellen 220

  war-galleys 196–7

  weapons 76, 160

  Weigall, Arthur 236

  Wilcoxon, Henry 223, 224

  William, Warren 223

  women

  education 17, 52–3

  Egyptian 15, 17, 49–50

  Greek 51

  pregnancy and childbirth 49–51

  Roman 36–7, 67, 68, 209

  Younge, Elizabeth 219

  Zama, battle of 73–4


  Zeus 5, 20, 66